![]() ![]() He fabricates the failure of the AE-35 unit so that their deaths would appear accidental. With the crew dead, he reasons, he would not need to be lying to them. ![]() The novel explains that HAL is unable to resolve a conflict between his general mission to relay information accurately and orders specific to the mission requiring that he withhold from Bowman and Poole the true purpose of the mission. Dave manages to force his way back onto the ship by jumping through space and prying open an emergency airlock, outside of HAL's control. When Bowman goes to rescue Poole, he is locked out of the ship, and HAL proceeds to disconnect the life support systems of the other hibernating crew members, killing them in their sleep. HAL proceeds to kill Poole while he is repairing the ship. Faced with the prospect of disconnection, HAL decides to kill the astronauts in order to protect and continue its programmed directives. They attempt to conceal what they are saying, but are unaware that HAL is capable of lip reading. In the film, astronauts David Bowman and Frank Poole consider disconnecting HAL's cognitive circuits when he appears to be mistaken in reporting the presence of a fault in the spacecraft's communications antenna. The sequence of events and manner in which HAL is shut down differs between the novel and film versions of the story. In 2001: A Space Odyssey, HAL begins to malfunction in subtle ways and, as a result, the decision is made to shut HAL down in order to prevent more serious malfunctions. The film states that this occurred in 1992, while the book gives 1997 as HAL's birthyear. HAL became operational in Urbana, Illinois at the HAL Plant (the University of Illinois' Coordinated Science Laboratory, where the ILLIAC computers were built). HAL's history HAL in 2001: A Space Odyssey IBM is given fictional credit as being the manufacturer of the Pan Am Clipper's computer, and the IBM logo can be seen in the center of the cockpit's instrument panel. As it happened, IBM had given us a good deal of help, so we were quite embarrassed by this, and would have changed the name had we spotted the coincidence.Īlso, IBM is explicitly mentioned in the film 2001, as are many other real companies. However, about once a week some character spots the fact that HAL is one letter ahead of IBM, and promptly assumes that Stanley and I were taking a crack at the estimable institution. Ĭlarke more directly addressed this issue in his book The Lost Worlds of 2001: Īs is clearly stated in the novel (Chapter 16), HAL stands for Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer. Floyd until Chandra was awoken), who characterized this idea as: "tter nonsense! I thought that by now every intelligent person knew that H-A-L is derived from Heuristic ALgorithmic". In 2010: Odyssey Two, Clarke speaks through the character of Dr. 7 The HAL 9000 prop eye lens and HAL point-of-view lensĪlthough it is often conjectured that the name HAL was based on a one-letter shift from the name IBM, this has been denied by both Clarke and 2001 director Stanley Kubrick.2.3 HAL in 2061: Odyssey Three and 3001: The Final Odyssey.In the French-language version of 2001: A Space Odyssey, HAL's name is CARL, Cerveau Analytique de Recherche et de Liaison (Analytic Brain for Research and Communication), however, the television camera eye plates read "HAL 9000". HAL is listed as the 13th-greatest film villain in the AFI's 100 Years. ![]() In addition to maintaining the Discovery One spacecraft systems during the interplanetary mission to Jupiter, HAL is capable of speech, speech recognition, facial recognition, natural language processing, lip reading, art appreciation, interpreting and reproducing emotional behaviours, reasoning, and playing chess. ![]() HAL became operational on 12 January 1992, at the HAL Laboratories in Urbana, Illinois, as production number 3 in the film 2001 the activation year was 1992, and 1991 in earlier screenplays. HAL is voiced by Douglas Rain in the two film adaptations of the Space Odyssey saga, and speaks in a soft, calm voice and a conversational manner, in contrast to the crewmen, David Bowman and Frank Poole, who speak tersely and with little emotional inflection. Being a computer, HAL has no distinct physical form, though is visually represented as a red television-camera eye located on equipment panels throughout the ship. The primary antagonist in 2001: A Space Odyssey, HAL ( Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer) is an artificial intelligence that interacts with the astronaut crew of the Discovery One spacecraft. Clarke's science fiction Space Odyssey saga. Artist's rendering of HAL's iconic camera eye ![]()
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![]() ![]() One-Day Rafting Trips Near Grand Junction The entire day of adventure should take about six or seven hours from start to finish. End the day with a fun second section and a final splash at the South Canyon rapids. You can bask in the sun, take a swim, ride inflatable kayaks or “duckies” in the lazy river, and enjoy a hot catered lunch when you’re hungry. Your guide can explain the unique geology of the region, and there’s lots of opportunities for photos. It gradually mellows out, giving you time to enjoy the awesome scenery of the canyon. If you don’t want to repeat the same route, you can continue down the river. Many choose to run the rapids once, then reload and hit the river for another run – with a more extreme line the second time. In a full day, you can run the rapids twice. The popular trip is an ideal introduction to intermediate rafting. It is one of the most exciting (but not intimidating) sections of Class III and Class IV waters in the West. During the journey, you’ll stop off for a delicious riverside lunch before continuing down the river.Īdventurous rafters seeking more action should hit the 2-mile stretch of the Shoshone Rapids of the Colorado River. You may get a little damp, but it’s doubtful you’ll get soaked – unless your group requests it. ![]() Sections of the canyon are perfect for an easy ride, with Class I and Class II rapids that are bumpy, splashy and fun. Glenwood Canyon is just outside of Glenwood Springs and has both thrilling whitewater rafting and laid-back floats.įor a full-day rafting trip with lots of photo opportunities and limited raft rocking, consider a mild and scenic trip through Glenwood Canyon on the Upper Colorado River. Glenwood Springs is a family-friendly town with an adventure park, hot springs, great shopping and convenient rafting. Glenwood Springs is along Interstate 70, about 60 miles west of Vail and 85 miles east of Grand Junction. One-Day Rafting Trips Near Glenwood SpringsĪs the Upper Colorado River works its way west through the Centennial State, the next hotbed for rafting is in Glenwood Canyon near Glenwood Springs. ![]() The Radium Hot Springs, downstream from the Pumphouse, is the best place for a memorable soak. There’s some intensity and splashing in sections with calmer sections to recuperate in between. The Pumphouse/Radium section is popular with adventuresome families that don’t want to ride the kiddie rides, so to speak.Ĭlass II and Class III rapids are great for families with older children. ![]() The recreation site has a campground and wonderful, intermediate Class II and Class III rapids that make for a fun ride down the river with a few exciting spots. Gore Canyon is a well-known hot spot for epic commercial whitewater that is treacherous and strictly for expert paddlers only.īetween Kremmling and Bond, downstream from Gore Canyon, is the Pumphouse Recreation Site. One popular rafting trip takes you past ancient dinosaur tracks with a cheese tortellini riverside lunch.Īt Gore Canyon, you can find the opposite end of the spectrum as well, with fierce Class V rapids that offer the steepest gradient drop in the state. Kids as young as age 3 can participate in family rafting or duckie trips, with adult supervision.Īt Kremmling, many float trips are geared specifically for children and include sights that kids are interested in, along with a tasty midday meal. Rafting and tubing in the Upper Colorado attracts families of all ages, especially those with young children. The waters here are rated Class I or Class II, prime waters for a lazy float. The Upper Colorado, or “Upper C” as it is called by rafters, has mild, float sections at Little Gore Canyon near Kremmling that are ideal for a family trip. At Kremmling is the first opportunity for genuine excitement on the river as it meanders through surrounding ranch land and nearby Gore Canyon, an isolated 3-mile canyon with sharp, 1,000-foot canyon walls. From there, the river gains momentum and grows as it reaches the town of Kremmling. The massive Colorado River begins like most rivers in the Rockies – way up high in the mountains. Here are some of the best rafting trips on the Colorado River that you can do in one day. Single-day rafting trips can be mild or intense, depending on where you go. When half-day trips just aren’t enough and overnight trips seem slightly excessive, a full-day outing is exactly what you need. With a full-day whitewater rafting trip down the Colorado River, you’re able to see more of the awesome scenery while covering some serious ground. Full-day packages are popular with vacationers who want a more complete experience than a half-day trip may offer. Whitewater rafting companies that operate on the Colorado River typically present three different packages: half-day, full-day and overnight trips. One Day Rafting Trips on the Colorado River ![]() ![]() ![]() The game is still very popular with the servers constantly populated, so don't be surprised to see more coupons arriving in the future. How do I get more Dragon Raja codes?Įven better, there are loads of places where you can check for more Dragon Raja codes. There are also plenty of other upgrade resources, such as paint cards and polishing dyes, so you can completely hone the experience to your liking. These are the two main currencies in the game, letting you purchase everything from weapons to upgrades and skill boosts. Mainly, you'll get millions of coins and thousands of diamonds. Dragon Raja cheats codes for outfits diamonds Hack coupons 2023 with more tap damage bonuses being added on with every 25 levels that you add to your crew. With gift boxes ranging from enhance packs to pet gifts, each one contains a bunch of resources you'll end up using on your RPG journey. ![]() With so many Dragon Raja codes available to use right now, there's a plethora of free items on offer.
![]() “The Curry Flow 8, for me, has boosted so much of my confidence and my ability to be consistent out there on the floor, because I have no doubt that with any move I make, the traction is going to be there and I’m going to be able to change directions or stop at the drop of a dime.” said Stephen Curry. In fact, his three-point shooting has improved overall, as he is now taking more difficult three-point shots that come from an average eight inches deeper. He has become the league’s most efficient step-back three-point shooter, increasing his effective field goal percentage (EFG) for step-back threes by nearly 16 percent since 2015-16. He broke three scoring records in April 2021 alone, including passing Wilt Chamberlain to become the Warriors’ all-time leading scorer. This season, Curry has, in fact, gotten more shots off and driven to the basket more than he did during his unanimous MVP performance in 2015-16, according to Second Spectrum. “A person like Stephen really forces everybody around him to elevate their game, to get up to his standards – this included our team of scientists who worked with Stephen to really understand his performance needs,” said Paul Winsper, Under Armour’s VP of Human Performance. The brand not only needed to create a shoe that would meet his on-court performance needs, it also needed to be the pinnacle expression of how purpose powers product. I have to tell the greatest shooter who ever lived, over and over, ‘It’s not good enough.'”īut to support the best in the game, Under Armour had to be the best in the game. His long-time trainer Brandon Payne grapples with that level of impossible, saying “I have a tough job. Which for a headline-making basketball star like Stephen seemed an impossible task. Taking that bold challenge head on, the UA team worked tirelessly to create a product that would help make one of the best in the game – even better. “His ask and challenge was, ‘can you find me a second to get clear of a defender? If you can do that, I can get a shot off.’” “Stephen was very focused on what he needed in this product,” said Clay Dean, UA’s Chief Innovation Officer. As the first shoe to release under Curry Brand, powered by Under Armour, the Curry Flow 8 is the product of a shared focus on purpose, excellence, and innovation by both the NBA superstar who stuns on-court, and the Under Armour team that designs the gear to get him there. That one second is making all the difference for him this season. One second is what Stephen asked of Under Armour’s Innovation team for his next signature basketball shoe – and to three-time NBA Champion and MVP point guard, that’s what he needed to strive for more on the court. And giving more to the best shooter in the game – even if just in increments of an inch – can be the difference between a great season and a historic one. Stephen Curry knows the power of one second. In sport, the outcome of round-the-clock training, years of dedication, and countless repetitions can come down to a fraction of space or time – one more inch, or one more second. ![]() ![]() ![]() Although this phenomenon isn’t common, feeding a sizeable meal to your reptile can damage its digestive system over time.Īvoid feeding any wild-captured rats or mice to your ball python, as they could spread fleas and ticks. If your snake is presented with too large prey, it will most likely reject the food and may even vomit it back out. I recommend selecting a food item that’s 1 to 1.25 times the diameter of its midsection.Īdditionally, some veteran enthusiasts also suggest feeding prey up to one and a half times larger than your snake’s middle area! When selecting suitable prey for your snake, size matters! It should be no bigger than its stomach can handle. This usually occurs towards the end of the day once twilight or sunset has come, you can offer food and watch as your slithery friend eagerly enjoys a hearty snack! What’s the Correct Ball Python Food Size? Instead, provide your pet with its meal in the dark – when it becomes active and is most likely to be interested in eating. When Is the Best Time To Feed a Ball Python? Day or Night? Interestingly, the type of prey they eat varies between males and females while Males hunt mainly on tree branches making birds their main diet source, Females spend most of their time on land, preying mostly upon mammals.Ī ball python’s primary diet should consist of mice and rats, but providing a variety of other food sources – such as chicks, quail, or young rabbits – will ensure your pet receives all the essential nutrients it needs. What To Feed Ball Pythons?īall pythons, native to Central Africa and West, are carnivorous creatures that consume birds or mammals small enough for them to swallow. Additionally, we’ll discuss which type of prey – live or frozen – provides the best sustenance for your pet. This article will explore the optimal nutrition for your ball python, what to offer as food, when to feed it, and how much is necessary. ![]() For mature ball pythons (3-5+ years old), provide food once in 2-3 weeks or even after 50 days if offering a larger meal.įeeding your ball python appropriately will help ensure its health, growth, and overall satisfaction.Conversely, feed sub-adult and adult ones (t to 2 years old) every 10-14 days.Feed juvenile and smaller ball pythons (0-6 months old) every 5-10 days. ![]() Generally, ball pythons need food far less frequently than other pets. They aid in comprehending the connection between snake size, age, and prey and provide invaluable insight into proper herpetoculture care to ensure that your pet receives the correct amount of food in an organized way. Feeding charts are a crucial tool for all ball python owners, regardless of their experience level. Ball pythons, one of the most popular snakes among hobbyists and seasoned herpetologists alike, rely heavily on proper diet to ensure long-term health. Caring for your python properly means understanding the importance of nutrition and having an established feeding schedule. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() On the rare occasions I was able to run System Explorer it could not end those processes either. And, no, no trace of any malware to date!Although those Apps don't open, they apparently are 'active': I can see all the processes in TaskManager (which usually does start, albeit very slowly, sometimes only after an Alt/Ctrl/Del), but am unable to kill them. Just daily Web browsing, Word an, occasionnaly, XL (Office XP: oh, how my Vista hates this 'elderly' relative.), no games nor heavy video nor picture-editing. Well in less than 2 years I already had to reinstall it twice (last time in February) and just like in the Chrome 'case', everything runs fine for some time and then starts to deteriorate, up until the point I cannot live with it any more. I bought an HP installed machine (thinking this would prevent the Vista blues I'd been reading about). All went well but, bingo, yesterday it happened again!In my case, this is typical for Vista. Finally, some days ago, I installed and upgraded a Chrome 6.xxx beta and upgraded once. Installing the Comodo Chrome flavor helped for some time, then it started again. Funny thing is that this behavior started with a 'stable' 5.xxx version. A partial solution is, of course to open the other apps before Chrome: they will then work normally together. This usually means I can't run any other application and can't even shut down Windows properly unless, sometimes, after waiting for ages and I mean for ages or, mostly, by just bluntly pushing the on/off switch (which I highly dislike, of course).Firefox is my default browser, but I use Chrome on a daily basis for my morning eMail 'clean-up' where it helps to do the job faster. CleanMem will not help, it just does not run. ![]() If Google Chrome is running, most of the times I'll be unable to open Jarte, Free Commander or Word (I use those on a daily basis). This one offers more i n one single interface and executes fairly fast.On the other hand, I've been experiencing a strange behavior of my Vista System for some time now. I've been using TaskManager, AnVir Task Manager and Sysinternals Process Explorer for quite some time now. Version 3.7.0 has been released in Installer and Portable version! This version adds "Discovered" column to Processes,Modules and autoruns, improves list of modules in Process Details dialog, adds option to customise color and background of the CPU Graph and more. System Explorer is a full-featured task and process manager that gives you an exhaustive view of all the activities currently going on in your system. Even if you're happy with the Windows Task Manager, you should give it a try. With a handful of configuration and customization options that put the finishing touch, System Explorer is efficient, useful and easy to use. Another feature I specially liked in System Explorer is the ability to obtain more information about each process from Google and, or check it for virus with an online antivirus tool. You can end any active program, set the priority for a selected process or delete items from the startup menu. The good thing about System Explorer is that it enables you not only to see what's brewing in your system, but also take action. System Explorer features a renewed interface with a top toolbar that gives you access to the different areas of information included in the program ( Processes, Performance and History) and a main window to display the selected area. ![]() ![]() ![]() Although I had gotten the broken extractor out, I just had to get the broken screw out next. ![]() Once you get a small hole going, it gets easier. Those thicker bits ate through like nothing. After that, I started messing with the thicker bits, and it was history from there. It was definitely starting to make some progress. A couple of the bits went dull, but that's to be expected. I began by using the pointy bit to try and indent a spot in the middle. I bought this carbide burr kit from Amazon and it arrived the next day. THANK YOU GUYS SO MUCH FOR ALL THE RECOMMENDATIONS, HELP, AND ADVICE. This will give you the entire contents - paste this into a text editor (I used VS Code, my text editor was WAY too slow) to backup your comment and post history. Note: When exporting, if you're having issues with exporting the "full" csv file, right click the button and "copy link". If you have any ideas, please let me know. I am looking to host any useful, informative posts of mine in the future somewhere else. We need users to actively participate too, and not just rely on the subreddit blackout. Maybe it could be better to run the Basic method a few times? If anyone has any suggestions, let us all know!īut if everyone could edit/delete even a portion of their comments, this would be a good form of protest. This forked version has code added to slow the script down so that it ensures that every comment gets edited/deleted.Ĭlick the bookmark and it will guide you thru the rest of the very quick and easy process. In the "URL", you will need to change j0be/PowerDeleteSuite to leeola/PowerDeleteSuite. You will need to edit the bookmark's URL slightly. "Advanced" (still easy) method: Follow the above steps for the basic method. That script runs too fast, so only a portion of comments/posts will be affected. We outnumber them.Īnd follow the quick and easy directions. This message appears on all of my comments/posts belonging to this account. This comment/post has been deleted as an act of protest to Reddit killing 3rd Party Apps such as Apollo. No Amazon affiliate links (they'll be removed by the Automod). No posts promoting crowdfunding projects. No advertising or promoting tools, brands, 25000 woodworking plans, your YouTube channel, etc. This sub is not a place to discuss religion or politics. Pants optional, close-toed shoes required. We don't mind if you post a link to a video on your youtube channel, we just ask these submissions are not your primary activity on the subreddit.īe nice to each other or you will get a stern timeout from our over-qualified mod team.ġ. This is not the place to promote your youtube channel. ![]() All SPAM will be removed immediately and spammers will be blocked. If you feel your post was caught by the spam filter, message the mods HERE and we'll get all up in there to unclog it. We all love them, we all use them and we want to see what you find! If you're a newbie or DIYer, feel free to ask our experienced experts for advice. To learn more about how and for what purposes Amazon uses personal information (such as Amazon Store order history), please visit our Privacy Notice.Please feel free to submit static images, dynamic images, videos, memes. You can change your choices at any time by visiting Cookie Preferences, as described in the Cookie Notice. ![]() Click ‘Customise Cookies’ to decline these cookies, make more detailed choices, or learn more. Third parties use cookies for their purposes of displaying and measuring personalised ads, generating audience insights, and developing and improving products. This includes using first- and third-party cookies, which store or access standard device information such as a unique identifier. If you agree, we’ll also use cookies to complement your shopping experience across the Amazon stores as described in our Cookie Notice. We also use these cookies to understand how customers use our services (for example, by measuring site visits) so we can make improvements. We use cookies and similar tools that are necessary to enable you to make purchases, to enhance your shopping experiences and to provide our services, as detailed in our Cookie Notice. ![]() ![]() Overall, chocolate chip cookies with white sugar will be a bit paler than their brown sugar equivalent, but they'll still be chewy, rich and packed with delicious chocolate flavor. This will give the cookies a subtle caramel flavor and a bit of additional moisture. If you want to achieve a similar depth of flavor that you'd get from brown sugar, you can add a tablespoon of molasses to the granulated sugar for every cup used. Added to the already present ½ cup granulated sugar, you'll use a total of 1 cup. Since the recipe usually calls for ½ cup brown sugar, you'll substitute it with ½ cup of granulated sugar. We're replacing sugars at a ratio of 1:1. Instead of brown sugar, you'll use granulated white sugar in the recipe. Though the texture and flavor may be slightly different from traditional chocolate chip cookies, I've carefully tested these cookies to ensure they're just as good. The reasons are endless, but don't let that stop you from making these indulgent and comforting treats!Ĭhocolate chip cookies can definitely be made without brown sugar. Maybe the store is too far away, or you can't leave the house right now. Why make a chocolate chip cookie without brown sugar? I can't be the only one that's been hit with a craving for quick homemade chocolate chip cookies only to realize there's no brown sugar in the pantry. This chocolate chip cookie recipe with no brown sugar is based off that recipe, but with the eggs added back in. I recently made a LOT of eggless chocolate chip cookies testing five different egg substitutes. Don't let a missing pantry ingredient keep you from satisfying your craving for chocolate chip cookies! This recipe uses granulated sugar in place of the brown sugar and is carefully formulated to ensure soft and chewy cookies with all the rich and buttery taste of a classic chocolate chip cookie. If you don’t have time to thaw them out, then simply bake the dough balls in their frozen state for an extra minute or two in the oven.These easy chocolate chip cookies without brown sugar are deliciously chewy, and flavorful. When you are ready to eat some cookies, just remove the cookie dough balls from the freezer and allow them to thaw on the counter for 20 minutes before baking. Then, transfer the dough balls into a ziplock bag and store the bag in your freezer. Doing this solidifies the dough balls, so that they don’t stick together in the freezer. Next, place the baking sheet in the fridge for one hour to chill. To do this, roll your cookie dough into balls and place them on a baking sheet. You can also freeze the unbaked cookie dough, which will last up to three months in your freezer. You can also freeze the cookies after baking them and they will be good for up to three months. These molasses cookies will stay fresh stored at room temperature in an airtight container for up to a week. Frequency and portion size definitely matter, so eat cookie recipes like this one on occasion and in moderation. So, this is one of those recipes for times when you feel like treating yourself. ![]() Healthy eating can definitely include enjoying a reasonable amount of sweets and desserts. ![]() This is because they are made with a good amount of sugar, butter, and white flour.īut, I truly believe that pleasure and health go hand in hand. However, I wouldn’t consider these molasses cookies to be healthy. I generally like to create and share recipes on my blog that are nourishing, in addition to being delicious. Are Ginger Molasses Cookies Good For You? They are perfect for munching on with your morning coffee or for a sweet treat later on in the day. Molasses cookies are, of course, an old-fashioned favorite around the holidays, but I love baking them year-round. These subtly-spiced cookies are slightly crisp around the edges, with a moist, tender center that almost melts in your mouth when you bite into it. Well, except, eating them when they are warm and fresh out of the oven. There’s nothing like the aroma of ginger molasses cookies baking. Molasses Cookies: An Easy Holiday Cookie Recipe This is one of my favorite cookie recipes, and is one that I know you are going to absolutely love! Learn how to make homemade molasses cookies without shortening with this easy recipe. These Molasses Cookies Without Brown Sugar are super soft, chewy, and filled with warm spices. ![]() ![]() ![]() How often should I run a scan with Zemana AntiMalware? Yes, the app is designed to work alongside other security solutions, making it a valuable addition to your existing antivirus software. Is Zemana AntiMalware compatible with other antivirus software? Regularly update the program to stay protected against the latest threats.Explore the various settings and options to customize the software according to your preferences.You can choose to quarantine or remove the identified malware, ensuring your system's safety.After the scan completes, it will present a comprehensive report of any detected threats.Once installed, the software will automatically initiate a scan of your system.Launch the application and follow the intuitive on-screen instructions for setup.Download and install the app from the official website or FileHorse.Enjoy the software in a language that suits you best. The program is accessible to users worldwide, supporting over 30 different languages. Detect and neutralize harmful programs that have never been seen before. Stay one step ahead of malware threats with Zemana AntiMalware's advanced proactive protection. 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And if any malware is detected, you can easily remove it without any restrictions.įor those seeking real-time protection and scheduled automatic scans, Zemana AntiMalware Premium is the way to go. Whether you choose Zemana AntiMalware Free or upgrade to the Premium version, you can perform scans whenever you want, as many times as you need. The best part? There are no limitations on scanning or removal. ![]() ![]() In the 8th century AD Man'yōshū, 'waters of rejuvenation' ( 変若水, ochimizu) are said to be in the possession of the moon god Tsukuyomi. A work by Michael Scot speaks of gold as an elixir of life. According to legend, certain alchemists have gained a reputation as creators of the elixir. In European alchemical tradition, the elixir of life is closely related to the creation of the philosopher's stone. Main article: Philosopher's stone Dell' elixir vitae, 1624 The Indian elixirs were mineral remedies for specific diseases or, at the most, to promote long life. But the elixir of immortality was of little importance in India (which had other avenues to immortality). It is also possible that the alchemy of medicine and immortality came to China from India, or vice versa in any case, for both cultures, gold-making appears to have been a minor concern, and medicine the major concern. Evidence of the idea of transmuting base metals to gold appears in 2nd to 5th century AD Buddhist texts, about the same time as in the West. Mercury, which was so vital to alchemy everywhere, is first mentioned in the 4th to 3rd century BC Arthashastra, about the same time it is encountered in China and in the West. In the Puranas, that due to the defeat of the devas at the hands of the asuras, both power-seeking races, the preserver deity Vishnu asked the devas to churn the ocean of milk, so that they may retrieve amrita to empower themselves. India Īmrita, the elixir of life, has been described in Hindu scriptures. The Jiajing Emperor in the Ming dynasty died from ingesting a lethal dosage of mercury in the supposed "Elixir of Life" conjured by alchemists. Many of these substances, far from contributing to longevity, were actively toxic and resulted in Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning. ![]() 682 AD), a famous medical specialist respectfully called "King of Medicine" by later generations, discusses in detail the creation of elixirs for immortality (including several toxic ingredients such as mercury, sulphur, and arsenates), as well as those for curing certain diseases and the fabrication of precious stones. The most famous Chinese alchemical book, Danjing yaojue ("Essential Formulas of Alchemical Classics") attributed to Sun Simiao (c. ![]() Gold was considered particularly potent, as it was a non-tarnishing precious metal the idea of potable or drinkable gold is found in China by the end of the third century BC. The ancient Chinese believed that ingesting long-lasting mineral substances such as jade, cinnabar, or hematite would confer some of that longevity on the person who consumed them. He embarked on a second voyage with 3000 young girls and boys, but none of them ever returned (legend has it that he found Japan instead). During the Qin dynasty, Qin Shi Huang sent Taoist alchemist Xu Fu to the eastern seas with 500 young men and 500 young women to find the elixir in the legendary Penglai Mountain, but returned without finding it. Many rulers of ancient China sought the fabled elixir to achieve eternal life. Unfortunately, it is eaten by a serpent before he can do so.Ĭhina Xu Fu's first expedition to the Mount of the immortals. Gilgamesh is directed by him to find a plant at the bottom of the sea which he does but seeks first to test it on an old man before trying it himself. He seeks out Utnapishtim, a Noah-like figure in Mesopotamian mythology in which he was a servant of the great Alchemist of the rain who later became immortal, to seek out the advice of the King of Herod of the Land of Fire. ![]() History Ancient Mesopotamia Īn early mention of an elixir of life is found in the Epic of Gilgamesh (from the 2nd millennium BC) in which Gilgamesh comes to fear his own declining years following the death of his beloved companion Enkidu. Alchemists in various ages and cultures sought the means of formulating the elixir. ![]() This elixir was also said to cure all diseases. The elixir of life, also known as elixir of immortality, is a potion that supposedly grants the drinker eternal life and/or eternal youth. Alchemical potion that grants immunity, eternal youth and immortality to its drinker The mythological White Hare from Chinese mythology, making the elixir of life on the Moon ![]() |
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